The range of typical fission fragment can be approximately half that of a 5 MeV alpha particle.We can supply our HRSGs in all kinds of prefabricated concepts, which enable you to optimize the total installed costs. The resulting decrease in -dE/dx (from the electron pickup) is larger than the increase that accompanies a reduction in velocity. These features results in the continuous decrease in the effective charge carried by the fission fragment as the fragment comes to rest and continuous decrease in -dE/dx. Results in changes of (-dE/dx) during the travel.

The fission fragments start out with lack of many electrons, therefore their specific loss is greater than alpha’s specific loss, for example. The fission fragments three two key features (somewhat different from alpha particles or protons), which influence their energy loss during its travel through matter. Therefore the shielding of alpha particles does not pose a difficult problem, but on the other hand alpha radioactive nuclides can lead to serious health hazards when they are ingested or inhaled (internal contamination). Most alpha particles can be stopped by an ordinary sheet of paper or living tissue. For example, the range of a 5 MeV alpha particle is approximately only 0,002 cm in aluminium alloy. The stopping power of most materials is very high for heavy charged particles and these particles have very short ranges. This is can be explained by the greater time the charged particle spends in the negative field of the electron, when the velocity is low. For nonrelativistic particles (heavy charged particles are mostly nonrelativistic), dT/dx is dependent on 1/v 2. In this expression, m is the rest mass of the electron, β equals to v/c, what expresses the particle’s velocity relative to the speed of light, γ is the Lorentz factor of the particle, Q equals to its charge, Z is the atomic number of the medium and n is the atoms density in the volume. The relativistic version (see below) was found also by Hans Bethe in 1932.

The non-relativistic formula was found by Hans Bethe in 1930.

The classical expression that describes the specific energy loss is known as the Bethe formula. For charged particles, S increases as the particle velocity decreases. ,where T is the kinetic energy of the charged particle, n ion is the number of electron-ion pairs formed per unit path length, and I denotes the average energy needed to ionize an atom in the medium. The linear stopping power of material is defined as the ratio of the differential energy loss for the particle within the material to the corresponding differential path length: A convenient variable that describes the ionization properties of surrounding medium is the stopping power.

Linear energy transfer stopping power